The Earth is inhabited by a vast number of living creatures. Some scientists believe there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals that call our planet home. These living creatures exist in almost every corner of our world with only the most barren of deserts and deepest of oceans remaining unpopulated save for microscopic organisms. In Australia, there are somewhere between 600,000 and 700,000 species of living thing. Many, like the kangaroo and platypus, are found nowhere else on Earth.
Ecosystems
To support this array of life, our planet is divided into a wide variety of ecological systems or ecosystems. There are many types of ecosystems, but broad examples include:
- Terrestrial(land) ecosystem
- Boreal (forest) ecosystem
- Groundwater-dependent ecosystems
- Montane (mountain) ecosystem
- Urban ecosystem
- Aquatic (water) ecosystem
- Freshwater ecosystem
- Lake ecosystem
- Large marine (ocean) ecosystem
- Marine (salt water) ecosystem
- River ecosystem
![A large autumnal fern tree with a canopy that takes up most of the image. It's leaves a brilliant reds and oranges. Many leaves have fallen on the grass below. In the background many lush green ferns can be seen](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-150387361-m.jpg?h=c2ab44d2&itok=-V3gs7lg)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1993). Acer in autumn, Dombrovskis' garden, Fern Tree, Tasmania, 1993? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-150387361
![A photograph of beachside sand dunes. The ocean can just be seen in the background. Among the sand dunes, which are rippled with wind made patterns, are large smooth boulders](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149199870-m.jpg?h=9468f36f&itok=tN6u-BqA)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1992). Dunes and granite, Tarkine Wilderness, Tasmania, 1992 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149199870
![A landscape of a mountain lake scene. The craggy mountains are dusted with snow. The lake is surrounded by trees with yellow leaves.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151036676-m.jpg?h=2cd96e4a&itok=1YVwgctU)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1978). Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, 1978? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151036676
![A city harbour scene. In the background a large snow capped mountain. There are several small boats on the water.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-150530125-m.jpg?h=d0e99923&itok=I8uV6OZb)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1990). Victoria dock and Mount Wellington, Hobart, Tasmania, 1990? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-150530125
![A landscape of a mountain lake scene. Misty mountains are visible in the background and are reflected in the still lake. Lake grass grows out of the lake in the foreground](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149289824-m.jpg?h=addcb150&itok=pBzUEsE7)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1979). Lake Dixon, Tasmania, 1979 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149289824
![A scene of an ocean cliff. The ocean is dotted with craggy rocks. A series of cliffs stretch off into the distance.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-148516347-m.jpg?h=963598e8&itok=d4T0IYyP)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1995). Coastline, Port Davey, southwest Tasmania, 1995? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-148516347
![A muddy mangrove flat overhung by green trees. A large mangrove tree sits with roots out of the water in the background.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-148800870-m.jpg?h=9bec9ba5&itok=RHltQu8j)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1986). Mangroves north of Emmagen Creek, Greater Daintree, Queensland, 1986, 1 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-148800870
An ecosystem is made up of every living thing within it from the largest trees to the smallest organisms. Just like its inhabitants, ecosystems come in a range of shapes and sizes. An eco-system can be the size of an ocean and all life within it, or it can be as small as a single leaf which can support life for insects, and the animals that feed on them. A large ecosystem can also consist of many smaller ecosystems or communities of life. A stretch of bushland can be considered one ecosystem, but the canopy of its trees can be considered its own ecosystem. The forest floor, covered in bark, branches and leaves supports distinct life so could be considered an ecosystem, so too could the space under the leaves and logs as insects and small reptiles call these dark, moist places home.
The worlds living spaces are often linked like this:
- Individual – One animal - a fish
- Population – A group of animals - a school of fish
- Community – Populations the live together in a defined area - The animals and plants those fish eat, get eaten by or that provide shelter for the fish
- Ecosystem – The wider environment - including non-living things that support those communities.
- Biome – The larger area with which the ecosystem is connected. A lake is connected to the shore, and the plants and animals that live around the lake. It is also connected to rivers that flow into the lake. (Biome and ecosystem are sometimes used interchangeably)
- Biosphere – Biosphere is the term used to describe all biomes/ecosystems on Earth.
- Biome – The larger area with which the ecosystem is connected. A lake is connected to the shore, and the plants and animals that live around the lake. It is also connected to rivers that flow into the lake. (Biome and ecosystem are sometimes used interchangeably)
- Ecosystem – The wider environment - including non-living things that support those communities.
- Community – Populations the live together in a defined area - The animals and plants those fish eat, get eaten by or that provide shelter for the fish
- Population – A group of animals - a school of fish
The worlds living spaces are often linked like this:
- Individual – One animal - a fish
- Population – A group of animals - a school of fish
- Community – Populations the live together in a defined area - The animals and plants those fish eat, get eaten by or that provide shelter for the fish
- Ecosystem – The wider environment - including non-living things that support those communities.
- Biome – The larger area with which the ecosystem is connected. A lake is connected to the shore, and the plants and animals that live around the lake. It is also connected to rivers that flow into the lake. (Biome and ecosystem are sometimes used interchangeably)
- Biosphere – Biosphere is the term used to describe all biomes/ecosystems on Earth.
- Biome – The larger area with which the ecosystem is connected. A lake is connected to the shore, and the plants and animals that live around the lake. It is also connected to rivers that flow into the lake. (Biome and ecosystem are sometimes used interchangeably)
- Ecosystem – The wider environment - including non-living things that support those communities.
- Community – Populations the live together in a defined area - The animals and plants those fish eat, get eaten by or that provide shelter for the fish
- Population – A group of animals - a school of fish
Rarely is there a distinct separation between one ecosystem and another. However, increasing urbanisation and human activity such as roads, mines and the forestry industry means we see increasing examples of abrupt transitions in the landscape.
Interconnected lives
The word used to collectively describe all the living things within an ecosystem is ‘biodiversity’ (Bio – meaning life and diversity – meaning variety.) Biodiversity includes plants, animals, humans, bacteria, and insects. The amount of biodiversity within an ecosystem can be a good indicator of the overall health of that environment. Although, some places on Earth naturally have higher amounts of biodiversity than others. These places are tropical or sub-tropical places that can sustain huge varieties of plant life. Countries like Australia, China, Brazil, and Malaysia are considered ‘Mega Diverse” countries with high numbers of species found nowhere else on Earth.
![Two wallabies stand on a grassy hill. They are surrounded by bush and grassland. In the background a wooden cabin can be seen, along with other wallabies](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151304860-m.jpg?h=5687567f&itok=MvVFTTZT)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1976). Wallabies at Waldheim hut, Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania, 1976? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151304860
![Nine King Penguins are standing on a grey bleak looking beach among sand and pebbles. The ocean is grey/white behind them.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151305910-m.jpg?h=d7f4e26b&itok=CmobFTnc)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1984). King penguin group, Macquarie Island, Tasmania, 1984 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151305910
![A small frog is hanging from a twig. The frog is showing its belly, which is white. It's legs are orange. It is spread-eagle as all of its legs are attached to different branches of the twig.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151417897-m.jpg?h=86b46eb8&itok=phuvXVLM)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1969). Litoria burrowsae, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1969? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151417897
![A large grey seal is laying on a dark grey beach. The seal is mid-bellow showing the inside of its mouth. In the background dark cliffs rise out of the water.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151318361-m-%281%29.jpg?h=a54dd411&itok=DP1M0h7F)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1984). Elephant seal, Macquarie Island, Tasmania, 1984, 5 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151318361
![A high contrast image of two large monoliths silhouetted against a rising sun. The sky is shades of black, grey and yellow. A lone figure of a woman is silhouetted against the sun light.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151405422-m.jpg?h=b7e3c206&itok=2B0-42pH)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1969). Sunrise, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1969?, 5 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151405422
![A small brown snake is coiled around itself. It is sitting on a fern leaf which is resting on a grey rock](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151417459-m.jpg?h=07c13551&itok=iPwBiKv7)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1969). Whip snake and fern detail, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1969? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151417459
Just as ecosystems are interconnected to one another, so too are the things within them. Every plant and animal has a role in sustaining the ecosystem in which it lives. Even the rocks and minerals present have a role.
Within an ecosystem, living creatures tend to fall into three distinct categories:
- Producers – Typically plants and algae who get their energy from photosynthesis (light from the sun). Producers provide food for plant eating consumers
- Consumers – Plants or animals that feed on producers. Consumers who only eat plants are called Primary consumers. Some consumers are called secondary consumers, these tend to be carnivores who feed on plant eating consumers
- Decomposers – animals, plants, fungi or bacteria that feed on dead organisms. Decomposers break down the minerals and nutrients in the dead organisms, these are recycled into food for producers.
![A sixteen petaled white daisy sits among green fleshy leaves. The daisy has water drops on some of its petals](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151437840-m.jpg?h=5d258bc7&itok=n5KWrLkD)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1976). Daisy and cushion plant, Ironbound Range, south coast, Tasmania, 1976 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151437840
![The sun filters through a tall forest. The trees are in silhouettes](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151447584-m.jpg?h=add1339a&itok=T7A8tVYo)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1969). Sunlight through eucalypts, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1969? [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151447584
![A small green lizard sits on a green leave. The lizard is slightly darker green than the leaf but it still hard to see](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149090506-m.jpg?h=cdc1f780&itok=0Tv_mIyw)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1985). Rainforest lizard at Mount Mulu, Sarawak, Borneo, 1985, 2 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149090506
![A large number of black and white shags sit on various boulders. The boulders are covered with bird droppings.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149533607-m.jpg?h=f1f795cd&itok=nogaqFO4)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1984). Macquarie Island shags, Macquarie Island, Tasmania, 1984, 1 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149533607
![A yellow pitcher plant sits among a variety of green leaves. The plant is open.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149683265-m.jpg?h=29eeaed6&itok=bqGexow0)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1985). Pitcher plant (Nepenthes villosa) at 3,200m on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, 1985 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149683265
![Twelve small white mushrooms grow out of the bark of a tree. Moss also covers the bark.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-151181066-m.jpg?h=99bde6db&itok=vjmP9oip)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1992). Mycena sp., Tasmania, 1992 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-151181066
![A small tuft of orange fungus grows out of leaf litter. The litter is covered in moss.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-149883880-m.jpg?h=35f51268&itok=94k_2N1i)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1979). Sulphur tuft fungus near Echo Point, Lake St Clair, Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania, 1979 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-149883880
Each of these living organisms form part of a food chain that, in turn, connects to other chains to make a food web where all things are interdependent on the others. Changes, such as deforestation, over-hunting or pollution impacting these webs can cause ecological imbalance or collapse.
Large natural disasters can also impact food chains. Bushfires, floods, and changes in global temperatures can disrupt whole ecosystems. While recovery does occur, some ecosystems can take decades or centuries to return to their pre-disaster state. Some ecosystems adapt and change but, sadly, some never fully recover.
Rocks and non-living things play a role in these ecosystems too. Rocky outcrops and boulders provide the perfect habitat for plants, moss, and fungi to grow on their craggy surfaces and within cracks and cervices. Rocks can be warmed by the sun which can allow plants to thrive in an otherwise hostile environment and give animals like reptiles a place to bask. Rocks can also provide an opportunity for species to reach above the ground level and have access to more sun, air, and water. Rocks and fallen trees provide places for animals to live, in and under them, providing shelter from the weather and from predators.
![A close up image of lichen growing on a black/grey rock](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-150824315-m.jpg?h=be1ea0bd&itok=bscRUpV6)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1982). Lichened rock, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1982?, 2 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-150824315
![A muddy track leading through the forest. A large moss and lichen covered boulder sticks out into the track.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-150825121-m.jpg?h=d8bc0712&itok=lXxixKxE)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1994). Pipetrack, Fern Tree, Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 1994, 2 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-150825121
![Pink and green lichen growing on a dark grey rock. The lichen is surrounded by ice.](/sites/default/files/styles/content_full_width/public/media/images/2022-06/nla.obj-148998183-m.jpg?h=9b47beee&itok=syOVsOGX)
Dombrovskis, Peter, 1945-1996. (1987). Fruiting lichen and ice, the Labyrinth, Du Cane Range, Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania, 1987, 2 [transparency] / Peter Dombrovskis. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-148998183
Activities
- As a class, make a list of plants and animals seen in the local area, they can be both native or introduced species (don’t forget bugs!). Firstly, categorise them by plant or animals and then by their class (bird, mammal, reptile etc). Then, through discussion of the behaviours observed, reorganise the animals as to whether they fill the role of a producer, a consumer, or a decomposer.
- Biomes can be large or small. While a town or school can sit within a larger biome region, smaller micro-biomes or communities can be located within.
- Draw a map of the school, either create one or use a screen shot from an internet map search. In groups, have students explore the school yard and identify distinct biomes or habitats within the yard. Eg. The school sports oval is a large open grassy field, a shaded garden area has many bushes and trees, underneath a deck is dark and cool, a large, asphalted area is baking hot and windy these could be considered separate biomes. What plants and animals are similar? What is different?
- Draw a map of the school, either create one or use a screen shot from an internet map search. In groups, have students explore the school yard and identify distinct biomes or habitats within the yard. Eg. The school sports oval is a large open grassy field, a shaded garden area has many bushes and trees, underneath a deck is dark and cool, a large, asphalted area is baking hot and windy these could be considered separate biomes. What plants and animals are similar? What is different?
- Choose an animal or ask students to choose a favourite animal. Ask them to design a new garden at the school that would suit this type of animal. Have them consider the temperature needed (maybe they will need to build a big roof or dig a pool), what kind of plants will they need to include? What other animals will need to live in the garden to support their chosen animal?